Diabetes Care

Causes of Diabetes

1. Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing cells.

2. Type 2 Diabetes: Often linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor diet, and lack of exercise.

3. Gestational Diabetes: Develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.

4. Other Factors:

   • Family history of diabetes.

   • Certain medical conditions, like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

   • Sedentary lifestyle.

 

Symptoms of Diabetes

• Excessive thirst and hunger.

• Frequent urination, especially at night.

• Fatigue and irritability.

• Blurred vision.

• Slow healing of cuts and wounds.

• Unexplained weight loss (Type 1) or weight gain (Type 2).

If you experience these symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately.

 

Health Conditions Linked to Diabetes

Without proper management, diabetes can lead to severe complications, including:

• Cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke.

• Kidney damage (nephropathy).

• Nerve damage (neuropathy).

• Eye problems, including blindness (retinopathy).

• Foot complications, sometimes requiring amputation.

 

Diabetes Care Medications

Diabetes care medications help manage blood sugar levels effectively. Here’s a breakdown:

1. Insulin (for Type 1 and some Type 2 cases):

   • Rapid-acting, long-acting, or intermediate-acting insulin.

   • Delivered via injections or insulin pumps.

2. Oral Medications (for Type 2 Diabetes):

   • Metformin: Improves the body's insulin sensitivity.

   • Sulfonylureas: Stimulates insulin production (e.g., Glipizide, Glyburide).

   • DPP-4 Inhibitors: Helps lower blood sugar after meals (e.g., Sitagliptin).

   • SGLT2 Inhibitors: Reduces sugar reabsorption in the kidneys (e.g., Canagliflozin).

   • Thiazolidinediones: Enhances insulin sensitivity (e.g., Pioglitazone).

3. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists:

   • Injectable medications like Liraglutide that mimic the body’s natural insulin response.

4. Other Injectable Medications:

   • Pramlintide helps control post-meal blood sugar spikes.

 

Side Effects of Diabetes Medications

Common side effects vary depending on the medication but may include:

• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

• Digestive issues, such as nausea or diarrhea.

• Weight gain or swelling (for certain drugs).

• Skin reactions at injection sites.

Always follow your doctor’s guidance and report any adverse effects promptly.

 

Diagnosis of Diabetes

Doctors use these tests to diagnose diabetes:

1. Fasting Blood Sugar Test: Measures glucose levels after fasting overnight.

2. A1C Test: Reflects average blood sugar levels over three months.

3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Measures blood sugar before and after drinking a glucose solution.

4. Random Blood Sugar Test: Checks glucose levels at any time of the day.

 

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

While Type 1 diabetes isn’t preventable, you can lower your risk of Type 2 diabetes with these steps:

• Maintain a healthy weight.

• Eat a balanced diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and lean proteins.

• Exercise regularly (at least 30 minutes most days).

• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

• Regular health check-ups to monitor glucose levels.